Passionate About Art essays

Passionate About Art essays As a young girl, I doodled on every empty spot on whatever paper I could get my hands on. While the sport of volleyball is my cup of tea, drawing and painting are, as they have always been, my passion. As an elementary school student, I cherished every moment of art class, even if I found the demands of my art teachers too stifling. Art teachers always dictated both the subject and medium of every art project instead of giving free reign to our artistic talents. Fortunately, my love of art compelled me to pursue my talents outside the classroom, i.e. in the privacy of my room that I fondly called my studio. Art has been, and continues to be, the main outlet for my feelings. When Im depressed, melancholy expressions overwhelm my paintings. Frustration or rage is highlighted by shades of red or bright orange. A distorted face done in the cubist style of Picasso shows up in drawings made in times of astronomic bliss, while a more impressionist style comes out when I am particularly pensive. Sometimes, inspired by Sigmar Polke, a German painter of the popular art movement, I venture into provocative drawings too. Lichtenstein and Warhol have also served as inspirations as their paintings are sexy and unpretentious. When I draw, I sometimes add wit and satire, which I believe makes the drawing more interesting to analyze. More importantly, I enjoy art because it generates powerful messages or sentiments. When Mona Lisa smiles, she captivates people of all races. I once saw this painting of Norman Rockwell which portrayed a racial conflict and still remember how bothered I was for one whole evening. Rodins The Kiss makes me shudder with passion, while Van Goghs Starry Starry Night gives me a sense of confusion and turmoil. Indeed, as we view works of the masters, we cant help but wonder what they were feeling at the time they were creating these gems. ...

60 Synonyms for Trip

60 Synonyms for Trip 60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip† 60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip† By Mark Nichol Going somewhere? Consider being a bit more specific about what type of experience you’re going to experience: 1. Adventure: a trip involving some risk 2. Boat trip: see cruise 3. Business trip: a trip to another location for the purpose of conducting business 4. Campaign: a trip involving stopping at more than one destination to achieve a larger goal; originally, referred to a military enterprise of this nature 5. Circuit: a trip undertaken regularly as part of an official schedule 6. Commutation: see commuting 7. Commute: a regular trip taken back and forth, especially from home to work and back 8. Crossing: a trip, generally over a large body of water or through challenging terrain 9. Cruise: a trip conducted on a vessel on one or more bodies of water 10. Drive: a trip taken in a motor vehicle, often for the purpose of enjoying scenery and/or traveling to a place for enjoyment 11. Entrada: see expedition 12. Errand: a usually short trip to conduct business for oneself or another; earlier, meant a diplomatic mission 13. Excursion: a short trip taken for pleasure; also can mean a deviation from a planned or expected course; see also expedition 14. Expedition: a trip conducted for a specific reason, such as exploration or scientific discovery or to achieve a military objective; also, a jocular way to refer to a meticulously planned personal, family, or group trip (can also refer to those undertaking the trip, and, as the noun form of expedite, means â€Å"speed†) 15. Field trip: an officially organized trip undertaken by students or a group for educational purposes 16. Flight: a trip undertaken by air 17. Foray: a trip, perhaps one taken outside expected parameters; also, an attack or invasion 18. Grand tour: an extended trip often for educational purposes; also, a traditional extended trip around Europe as part of a British gentleman’s education and personal development 19. Hajj: a required trip to Mecca undertaken by Moslems (see pilgrimage); also, generically refers to a secular trip 20. Hike: a walk, often in the wilderness or an area set aside for outdoor activities, taken for enjoyment and/or exercise 21. Hop: a short trip, especially by air 22. Jaunt: a pleasure trip; originally referred to an exhausting trip 23. Journey: a trip; originally referred to a day’s travel (ultimately from the Latin term diurnus, â€Å"day†) 24. Junket: an official trip made at someone else’s expense, often with limited justification 25. Long haul: an extended trip 26. Migration: a trip to another location, either to settle or, for animals, to avoid a period of adverse weather conditions 27. Mission: a trip undertaken for a strategic objective 28. Odyssey: a long, arduous trip involving perils and/or resulting in enlightenment 29. Outing: a short pleasure trip, especially to enjoy the outdoors; also an athletic performance or event, an appearance or performance by a writer or performing arts, or the identification by others of a public figure who had been concealing their homosexuality 30. Overnight: a trip involving participants staying at the destination until the next day 31. Passage: a trip usually by air or sea; also, accommodations during such a trip 32. Perambulation: a trip on foot 33. Peregrination: a trip, generally on foot 34. Pleasure trip: a trip taken for enjoyment rather than for a practical purpose 35. Pilgrimage: a journey to a sacred place or to a location that has significant personal meaning 36. Procession: a trip, often involving multiple travelers and complicated preparations, often of an official or ceremonial nature 37. Progress: see circuit, expedition, and procession 38. Quest: a trip with the objective of finding something or making a significant literal or figurative discovery 39. Ramble: an aimless or loosely organized trip 40. Ride: see drive; also, a similar trip on another type of vehicle or mounted on an animal 41. Road trip: a self-organized trip involving extensive travel in a motor vehicle 42. Round trip: a trip that culminates in a return to the starting point 43. Safari: from a Swahili word for â€Å"journey,† taken from Arabic; connotes a hunting trip, especially in Africa, though in many present-day safaris, the shooting is done with cameras, not guns 44. Sail: a trip on a sailboat or sailing ship 45. Shlep: an arduous trip; also means â€Å"a loser,† and as a verb means â€Å"to carry or drag† 46. Slog: see shlep 47. Spin: see drive 48. Survey: a trip undertaken to observe phenomena and/or record data 49. Tour: a trip involving stops at multiple destinations, often organized by a company or organization for paying participants; see also â€Å"grand tour† 50. Tramp: a walking trip; also used in the phrase â€Å"tramp steamer† to denote a freelance cargo ship 51. Transit: see crossing 52. Travel: generally used in plural form to describe one’s experiences going on trips 53. Traverse: see crossing 54. Trek: to take a trip or migrate, with a connotation of length and difficulty 55. Vacation: a trip taken for leisure as a respite from work or from normal life in general 56. Venture: see adventure 57. Visit: a trip undertaken to spend time with friends or family 58. Voyage: originally, any long trip, but now confined to those over a large body of water 59. Walkabout: a migratory trip in Australia 60. Weekend: a trip away from the usual environment between one workweek and the next Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? 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Use of Experts in Scholarly Research Dissertation

Use of Experts in Scholarly Research - Dissertation Example There is a need to integrate the two models to incorporate the advantages of each on order to reach harmony among the scholars regarding expert involvement in epistemology. This paper aims to propose such a model. It starts by presenting a literature review and analysis, followed by a detailed discussion of the most important approaches to the field of study and research, and ends by presenting a framework that aims to corroborate the established schools of thought about instruction and the role of experts as guides for research. Literature Review: The study and analysis of the currently available literature on the subject is important in order to ascertain the extent of progress in the pertinent field and the frequency of research conducted. Such research is important to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the issue under discussion, that is, the use of experts in the field of scholarly research. This literature review would be divided into two parts: the synthesis of the available information on the subject, followed by a scholarly analysis of the literature, discussing the shortcomings of the available material regarding the subject. Synthesis: the literature discusses the role of experts in research under two distinct models; the traditional method of expert instruction, and the more recent method of constructivism (Murphy, 1997). A most comprehensive study made on the subject is by far the article ‘Towards Expert Knowledge?’ by Paivi Tynjala, published in the International Journal of Educational Research in 1999. In this article, Tynjala makes a comparison between the traditional instructional set up and the more recent advent of constructivist education. The article starts by describing the established model of learning across the majority of institutes, analyzing its characteristics and presenting the issues that arise from the practice of that traditional system in the present day evolved framework of academia. it deconstructs the issue into its constituents, discussing each component separately, such as the ontology of expertise, the epistemology of gaining expertise, the methodology involved, and the shortcomings of that methodology. It presents as a solution the pure form of constructivist model, demanding a sheer shift from one system to the other and submitting that such a drastic changeover is the only method of catering to the changing needs of the field. It does not present any model for integration of the two systems, rather simply advocates const ructivism. Another extensive research on the topic comes from Kimberly A. Galt, in his work ‘Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches to research and inquiry’ (2008). The discussion starts by defining the different approaches to learning, such as epistemology, ontology, and methodology, and then progresses to the detailed discussion of each, focusing the most on methodology. It includes detailed analysis of the different types of methodology, like quantitative, qualitative, and mixed, listing the characteristics of each and set ups in which each could be adequately used. This study does not aim at upholding a certain system, but leaves the conclusion to be drawn by the researcher as to which methodology of epistemology suits his mind frame. There are very few other such open-ended studies available on the subject. Helen Gosse, Holly Gunn, and Leon Swinkels, in their article

Meeting the Challenge of Sustainable Business' - Cork Industry in Term Paper

Meeting the Challenge of Sustainable Business' - Cork Industry in Portugal - Term Paper Example Internationalization strategies vary from company to company. For instance, a company may opt to seek a different strategy after an in depth analysis of the target market and the type the business or the line of products the company deals in. however, for a company that want to survive it has to ensure that its strategy is effective and efficient. This paper tries to analyse the sustainability strategy for Amorim. The Amorim Company focuses on the Cork products business. Its research and design department contributed immensely towards the discovery, examination and implementation of the most appropriate practices in cork oak forest in Portugal. The department further develops in-depth studies into the cultivation of the oak trees that provide cork harvests. In order to ensure sustainability, Amorim fosters strict association with both external and internal research platforms. This strategy aims at guaranteeing the quality of cork oak by-products, as well as the vitality of the forests. Therefore, the company collaborates with institutes associated with forestry and agriculture. The paper analyses the business strategies, PESTEL Analysis and the trends that exhibit the company. Despite not owning a forest, the Amorim Company focuses on the Cork products business. Its research and design department contributed immensely towards the discovery, examination and implementation of the most appropriate practices in cork oak forest in Portugal. The department further develops in-depth studies into the cultivation of the oak trees that provide cork harvests. As a result, the company provides the appropriate mechanisms for diseases and pests control of the oak tree (Aronson, 2009, 5). The West Mediterranean Basin boasts of two point two million hectares of Cork oak forests. Roughly ninety percent of the forest area of the cork oak species can be found in Spain, Portugal, Algeria and Morocco. Farmers in this regions

Why Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Why Philosophy Essay This paper is about the six questions in Philosophy I gave my reasons and belief’s one why I feel a certain way on each of the questions and after reading I hope you have a better take on Why Philosophy 1. Metaphysics: what is real? Well a lot of people would say that real is anything that could be touched, seen, smelled, or tasted using one of the five senses. But as a Christian I have to disagree I believe that you have to have faith in the fact that something’s are real weather or not you can sense them with the five senses. Take heaven and hell I believe that these are very real tangible places although I never seen touch smelled or tasted either one. So how do I know it is real well faith. I have never been to the Grand Canyon but I know that it is real with that being said how we know that heaven and hell is not real. 2. Epistemology: what is the relationship between faith and reason? Reason is to believe what can be proven math and science laws of gravity and physics nothing left to the imagination if you have reason then there is no need for faith. Whereas faith is the belief in things unseen there is a lot of issue with these two and the fact that if you’re a person of reason there is no room for faith the problem with that is that science does not explain everything so there has to be room for faith I without faith life is useless and you don’t have anything to live for. 3. Ethics: Is morality culturally based individually based or is there a universal morality? I have to say that this was a tough one to answer because really the answer is all three. Culturally based morality is learned through the interactions with the people with in your culture usually starting with the parent or guardian. There is also church or the village chieftain. Then there is the individual morality this take place after you been taught and raised and then you choose what to become or what your moral code will be will you protect your fellow man or will you choose to laws of the street. You then have the most unique morality term and that is the universal morality I call this unique because it is not chosen or learn or gained through life experiences it is automatically instilled in all people. Right and wrong which universal to all the most primitive civilizations understand that it wrong to steal or to murder without ever being taught even criminals know this is wrong they choose to do the wrong and willing to except that the consequences. 4. Aesthetic: is beauty truly in the eye of the beholder, or are there some things that all cultures find beautiful? Yes Beauty is in the eye of the beholder everyone one has there on mind when it comes to what is beautiful and what is not some like roses some tulips and so own this is evident in the people we choose to marry. If everyone agreed on what was beautiful then everyone would look the same or strive to be the same people find different things that they find to beautiful. That is not to say that there are things that a culture find beautiful. Let’s take our culture for example people believe that thin woman is what the population of men find beautiful so companies use this fact to exploit that beauty putting them on TVs and billboards. 5. Political Philosophy: How much power should the government have? The government should have a minimal impact on our lives. It is not supposed to bail out private businesses increasing the national debt. The government is not supposed to control the populace it is the populace that control the government. It is not the job of the government to make the decisions for the people. That is the problem with the government today they have too much power. 6. Social Philosophy: How should humans behave in a society? Humans in most cases depend on society to live and in order to function in a society there are certain rules that apply one being laws. Also respect for the others in that particular society. Freedom of speech and some other rights are lessened due to the infringement of other people’s rights. The rules are followed because of the convenience of living in a society. Such as supper markets gas station and things like these. Now if one was to live in the wilderness most of these rules would not apply for there would be no one’s rights to intrude on allowing them to do as they please but some rights have to be given up for the sake of the better good in a society.

Georgia O’Keeffe Essays -- Historiography

Georgia O’Keeffe is one of the most famous and controversial painters known to America. According to art critic Lisa Mintz Messinger, â€Å"She [Georgia O’Keeffe] left behind a rich legacy of American images that were tied to the land. These images and her own pioneering spirit, established an illustrious reputation in America very early on in her career† (Messinger 17). O’Keeffe is best known for her large paintings of flowers, the New York skyline and scenes from New Mexico. Ever since Georgia O’Keeffe began showing her work in 1916, critics have had different opinions on what her paintings represented. One of the biggest debates regarding her paintings has been whether or not her paintings were erotic. Some of the biggest critics of her works are Robert Hughes, Lisa Mintz Messinger, Katherine Hoffman and Georgia O’Keeffe herself. All four of these people have helped shape O’Keeffe into an iconic figure of sexually charged pai ntings. Georgia O’Keeffe first came into the lime light after her friend Anita Pollitzer submitted some of O’Keeffe’s works to the famous Alfred Stieglitz (Hoffman 5). Even from these first charcoal drawings, critics noticed the eroticism in her works of art. One of the biggest critics of her work is the noted Robert Hughes. In his book, American Visions: The Epic History of Art in America, Hughes explores American artists’ works, including O’Keeffe. According to Hughes, â€Å"Much ink has been spilled on the topic of whether O’Keeffe ever set out to use specifically genital images; she herself indignantly denied it, and especially refused to countenance any sexual interpretation of the large close-ups of flowers she painted in the twenties. To deny the sexuality of a painting like Black Iris III, 1926,... ...a Bricker. â€Å"Review: Stieglitz.† Stieglitz 55.2 (1996): 105-106. Web. 23 October 2009. Cowart, Jack, et al. Georgia O'Keeffe: Art and Letters. Washington; Boston: National Gallery of Art; New York Graphic Society Books, 1987. Print. Hoffman, Katherine, and Georgia O'Keeffe. An Enduring Spirit: The Art of Georgia O'Keeffe. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1984. Print. Hughes, Robert. American Visions: The Epic History of Art in America. 1st ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1997. Print. Messinger, Lisa Mintz, Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Georgia O'Keeffe. Georgia O'Keeffe. New York: Thames and Hudson Inc.; Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001. Print. Middleton, Ken.â€Å"1920’s: American Women through Time.†www.frankmtsu.edu. N.d. Web. 25 Sep. 2009. â€Å"Introduction to Modern Art.† metmuseum.org. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 18 June 2009. Web. 25 Sep. 2009.

Com225 Assignment

In 3 days, I violated the rules of communications in 3 different situations when messages to welcome myself next to people I did not know were delivered non-verbally. I specifically acted against norms of proxemics. Proxemics is the area of nonverbal communication that focuses on space and distance and a person’s personal space. It is where you evaluate how intimate the relationship of two people interacting. The closer you get the higher the intimacy level the people must have. Day 1: There was a male student sitting by himself on a bench outside of a lecture hall reading Newspaper.   For the most part, there weren’t any other students around and there were two empty benches nearby. I wanted to see his reaction when I sat next to him very closely and looked over his shoulder to check out what he was reading.   While I looked over the article, he slowly turned his head and looked at me then back at the article.   He then laughed a little and asked what I was doing. I smiled and I didn’t say anything and kept looking at his face.   He was trying to avoid eye contacts with me and prepared to leave. I explained to him what I was doing and about my goal to break norms of nonverbal communication to unsuspecting individuals.   He thought it was funny and said that I definitely did make him feel very uncomfortable as well as very confused. Day 2: The next stop on my nonverbal communication norm-breaking project was in the Student Union.   There were two young women eating dinner at a nearby table.   There was an empty table next to them and students eating at other tables around them.   The two women were mid-conversation when I took a seat next to them at their table.   Not saying a word, I simply sat down and waited. Their initial reaction was confused and they stared at each other.   One of the girls pointed to me and opened her eyes wide to her friend as if to ask â€Å"Do you know her?†Ã‚   When they realized that I was a complete stranger to both of them and just invited myself to sit down and join in their dinner conversation, they started laughing and reacted with a confused â€Å"Hi!†Ã‚   They stared and waited for a response and then I started laughing with them and explained what was going on and why. The two young women said how awkward they felt when a complete stranger joined them at their table for dinner. Day 3: The next stop on my project was in front of my apartment. There was a girl who was talking on the phone. I tried to stay too close to her and then I pretended to listen to her phone conversation. For the first time, she looked at me and she tried to make a little more distance from me. However, I kept going closer to her and thus invaded her personal area. Finally, she went inside of Starbucks. When we found her inside of the coffee shop, she was still using her phone and she kept ignoring us. After her phone conversation, we explained to her about our nonverbal communication project and asked her a question about her feelings.   She said that it was uncomfortable, and she felt that I was invading her privacy and too close to her personal space. From the both situation, people felt that they were surprised and uncomfortable as well. I knew that I did inappropriate things that we normally won’t do in our lives. Intimate distance was invaded as I sat very close to the young man on the bench reading the newspaper and casual distance was made awkward as I put myself at this distance with two young women where I welcome myself at their table same as with a girl who I met in front of Starbucks conversing whom I did not know. The young man sitting on the bench and the talking on the phone prepared to leave or left because I think they don’t want anyone invading their privacy, especially a person they don’t know. The girls on the table were quite confused so I think they thought that I am just being friendly with them so they said â€Å"hi.† I think they did what a normal person would do in those situations. While I’m doing the exercise, I’ve thought that breaking communicative rules like proxemics could result to sending a wrong message. Like what I did when I welcome myself by sitting on a table where two girls were sitting. They conceived a message that I’m being friendly to them. But what if, you just have to sit there because there were no other sits available. The interaction would be unhealthy.         

Law Enforcement Challenges

| Law Enforcement Challenges| [Type the document subtitle]| | Law Enforcement Challenges| | Cheryl TraceyProfessor Gregory BlancheCIS 170 Information Technology in Criminal Justice| 11/26/2012| | There are many challenges law enforcement agencies face when investigating internet exploitation, cyber stalking, and obscenity. Few challenges include overlapping effort, lack of funding, overlapping jurisdictions, and priority.The purpose of this paper is to explain in detail the greatest challenge law enforcement agencies investigating exploitation, cyber stalking, and obscenity, the specific challenges with overlapping of jurisdictions and solutions for overcoming these challenges, and to discuss if states should have the ability to work with one another when a cyber- crime is carried out across state lines. I feel like the greatest challenge law enforcement agencies face in investigating exploitation, cyber stalking, and obscenity is issues with evidence and detection. â€Å"Data on th e computer can be deleted, modified, or destroyed. (Taylor, Fritsch, Liederbach, Holt, 2012). It is very important for evidence to be collected, preserved, and examined right away. In most cases, 24 hours proves to be too late to recover non-tampered evidence. â€Å"Some computers have automatic wiping programs in case a new person touches the wrong key on the keyboard. † (http://www. supremecourt. gov. pk/ijc/Articles/10/2. pdf). Cyber forensics experts requires special tools which will be able to access any data available on the mass storage media including deleted files and data in unallocated disk areas.Although time is of the essence, it is very important that law enforcement agencies follow the search and seizures laws. A warrant must be issued first before any evidence can be gathered, searched, or reviewed. A major challenge to law enforcement agencies are overlapping jurisdictions. For example, â€Å"a cyber-stalker may reside in a different city or even state than the victim, making it difficult for one agency to investigate. †(Taylor, Fritsch, Liederbach, Holt, 2012).Obtaining assistance from out of state agencies can be limited due to the circumstances. Cyber criminals are able to operate nationwide. This is why law enforcement agencies have to work with local officials, foreign governments, and other agencies. Some agencies will work with other agencies only if the crime is serious enough. To solve these problems, I would have it to where each agency has a department just for cybercrimes and each agency has jurisdiction to work with one another. Jurisdiction laws would no longer exist for cybercrimes.I feel states should have the ability to work with one another when a cybercrime is carried out across state lines. Especially in cases where cyber bullying, child pornography, cyber stalking, or fraud is happening. I think everyone should work together to try and fight all types of crime. In conclusion, our local government needs to imp lement laws and procedures to work together on every type of crime. I feel as though jurisdiction should have nothing to do with rather to pursue a crime or not.Cybercrimes should be a first priority and try and think of ways to have a monitoring system may certain words typed on the internet further investigation needs to be done. Reference: Taylor, R. W. , Fritsch, E. J. , Liederbach, J. , & Holt, T. J. (2011). Ditigal crime and digital terrorism. (Second ed. , pp. 180-182). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Learing Solutions. http://www. supremecourt. gov. pk/ijc/Articles/10/2. pdf http://www. naavi. org/cl_editorial_04/edit_6_jan_04_01. htm

Gun Ban Violates 2nd Amendment Essays

Gun Ban Violates 2nd Amendment Essays Gun Ban Violates 2nd Amendment Paper Gun Ban Violates 2nd Amendment Paper Essay Topic: Gun Control The Second Amendment states, â€Å"A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. † This amendment has caused many debates throughout the years due to the different ways in which it could be interpreted. Most federal appeals courts have said that, when read as a whole, this amendment protects only the rights of the militia to bear arms. However, on a decision made on March 8, 2007, the majority focused on the second clause, saying that the amendment protects the rights of individual people to own firearms as well. The decision was made in a federal appeals court in Washington to strike down a gun control law in the District of Columbia that made it impossible for residents to keep handguns in their homes. The court ruled that banning the right to own firearms was a violation of the Second Amendment. It is too bad the people of the late 1700s/early 1800s did not perceive this to be a problem in the future. If they did surely they would have made their intentions much more clear. During that time period, Antifederalists had many fears regarding the new government. The part of the amendment about the militia was meant to reassure them that the new national government would not abolish state militias. It was not meant to transform into an argument over individual rights. However, if they were to see the conflict over the amendment today they would have trouble believe that individuals owning and/or carrying firearms could be a problem. They would not understand that in the present people often used guns unfairly against each other. This is why it is left to the people of today and of the future to determine our own meaning of the Second Amendment. It is always difficult to predict the outcome of our future. What is important to us today may mean absolutely nothing to the people of tomorrow. In 2828, when our world has advanced far beyond our imaginations, a young student may be assigned this topic for a history essay. It is possible that she will have only heard of what a gun is and what it can do from horror stories she heard as a child. : A law could have been passed long before her great-great-grandparents were born that banned the existence of firearms. In that case this topic may fascinate the girl. She would want to learn more about this â€Å"devil device†. She would do so much research that she would teach her history class about it and start a debated over the Second Amendment. It would mean more to them than it does to the people of the present because they would be upset because it was the people of the present who caused them to lose on of their constitutional rights. They would fight for it the same way we are. In conclusion, from no matter which perspective you look at this debate, the Second Amendment is one of great importance not only to the people of the present, but also to those of the past and the future. That does not mean we should stop debating over the subject. We need to make sure we are making the right decision. We can never predict the future with complete accuracy.

History of the Second Amendment

History of the Second Amendment After going virtually unchallenged for more than 100 years, the right of Americans to own guns has developed as one of today’s hottest political issues. The central question remains: does the Second Amendment apply to individual citizens? Gun Rights Before the Constitution Though still British subjects, colonial Americans considered the right to bear arms as necessary for fulfilling their natural right to defend themselves and their property. In the midst of the American Revolution, the rights that would later be expressed in the Second Amendment were being explicitly included in early state constitutions. The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776, for example, stated that â€Å"the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the state.† 1791: The Second Amendment Is Ratified The ink had hardly dried on the ratification papers before a political movement was undertaken to amend the Constitution to declare gun ownership as a specific right. A select committee assembled to review amendments proposed by James Madison authored the language that would become the Second Amendment to the Constitution: â€Å"A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.† Prior to ratification, Madison had hinted at the need for the amendment. Writing in Federalist No. 46, he contrasted the proposed American federal government to European kingdoms, which he criticized as being â€Å"afraid to trust the people with arms.† Madison went on to assure Americans that they would never need to fear their government as they had the British Crown, because the Constitution would ensure them â€Å"the advantage of being armed.†Ã‚   1822: Bliss v. Commonwealth Brings 'Individual Right' Into Question The Second Amendment’s intent for individual Americans first came into question in 1822  in Bliss v. Commonwealth. The court case arose in Kentucky after a man was indicted for carrying a sword concealed in a cane. He was convicted and fined $100. Bliss appealed the conviction, citing a provision in the commonwealth’s constitution that stated, â€Å"The right of the citizens to bear arms in defense of themselves and the state, shall not be questioned.† In a majority vote with just one judge dissenting, the court overturned the conviction against Bliss and ruled the law unconstitutional and void. 1856: Dred Scott v. Sandford Upholds Individual Right The Second Amendment as an individual right was affirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court in its Dred Scott v. Sandford  decision in 1856. The nation’s highest court opined on the intent of the Second Amendment for the first time with the rights of slaves in question, writing that affording slaves the full rights of American citizenship would include the right â€Å"to keep and carry arms wherever they went.† 1871: NRA Is Founded The National Rifle Association was founded by a pair of Union soldiers in 1871, not as a political lobby but in  an effort to promote the shooting of rifles. The organization would grow to become the face of Americas pro-gun lobby in the 20th century. 1934: National Firearms Act Brings About First Major Gun Control The first major effort to eliminate private ownership of firearms came with the National Firearms Act of 1934 (NFA). A direct response to the rise of gangster violence in general and the St. Valentine’s Day massacre in particular, the NFA sought to circumvent the Second Amendment by controlling firearms through a tax excise- $200 for each gun sale. The NFA targeted fully automatic weapons, short-barreled shotguns and rifles, pen and cane guns, and other firearms defined as â€Å"gangster weapons.† 1938: Federal Firearms Act Requires Licensure ofDealers The Federal Firearms Act of 1938 required that  anyone selling or shipping firearms must be licensed through the U.S. Department of Commerce. The Federal Firearms License  (FFL) stipulated that guns could not be sold to persons convicted of certain crimes. It required that sellers log the names and addresses of anyone to whom they sold guns. 1968: Gun Control Act Ushers in New Regulations Thirty years after America’s first sweeping reform of gun laws, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy helped usher in new federal legislation with wide-ranging implications. The Gun Control Act of 1968 prohibited mail-order sales of rifles and shotguns. It increased license requirements for sellers and broadened the list of persons prohibited from owning a firearm to include convicted felons, drug users, and the mentally incompetent. 1994: TheBrady Act and Assault Weapons Ban Two federal laws passed by a Democrat-controlled Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton in 1994 became the hallmark of gun control efforts in  the later 20th century. The first, the Brady Handgun Violence Protection Act, required a five-day waiting period and background check for the sale of handguns. It also mandated creation of the National Instant Criminal Background Check System. The Brady Act had been spurred by the shooting of press secretary James Brady during John Hinckley Jr.s attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan on March 30, 1981. Brady survived but was left partially paralyzed as a result of his wounds. In 1998, the Department of Justice reported that the presale background checks had blocked an estimated 69,000 illegal handgun sales during 1997, the first year the Brady Act was fully enforced.   The second law, the Assault Weapons Ban- officially titled the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act- banned a number of rifles defined as â€Å"assault weapons,† including many semiautomatic and  military-style rifles, such as the AK-47 and SKS. 2004: The Assault Weapons Ban Sunsets A Republican-controlled Congress refused to pass the reauthorization of the Assault Weapons Ban in 2004, allowing it to expire. Gun control supporters criticized President George W. Bush for not actively pressuring Congress to renew the ban, while gun rights advocates criticized him for indicating that he would sign a reauthorization if Congress passed it. 2008: D.C. v. HellerIs a Major Setback for Gun Control Gun rights proponents were thrilled in 2008 when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in District of Columbia v. Heller that the Second Amendment extends gun ownership rights to individuals. The decision affirmed an earlier decision by a lower appeals court and struck down handgun bans in Washington D.C. as unconstitutional. The Court ruled that the District of Columbia’s total ban on handguns in the home was unconstitutional because the ban was contrary to the Second Amendment’s purpose of self-defense- an intent of the amendment never before acknowledged by the Court. The case was lauded as the first Supreme Court case to affirm the right of an individual to keep and bear arms in accordance with the Second Amendment. The ruling applied only to federal enclaves, however, such as the District of Columbia. Justices did not weigh in on the Second Amendment’s application to the states. Writing in the Courts majority opinion, Justice Antonin Scalia wrote that the â€Å"people† protected by the Second Amendment are the same â€Å"people† protected by the First and Fourth Amendments. â€Å"The Constitution was written to be understood by the voters; its words and phrases were used in their normal and ordinary as distinguished from technical meaning.†Ã‚   2010: Gun Owners Win Another Victory in McDonald v. Chicago Gun rights supporters won their second major Supreme Court victory in 2010 when the high court affirmed an individuals right to own guns in McDonald v. Chicago. The ruling was an inevitable follow-up to D.C. v. Heller and  marked the first time that the Supreme Court ruled that the provisions of the Second Amendment extend to the states. The ruling overturned an earlier decision by a lower court in a legal challenge to Chicago’s ordinance banning the possession of handguns by its citizens. 2013: Obama's Proposals Fail Federally but Gain State Traction After the shooting of 20 first-graders in Newtown, Connecticut, and 12 people in an Aurora, Colorado, moviehouse, President Barack Obama proposed stricter gun-control laws. His plan required background checks for all gun sales, called for the reinstatement and strengthening of the assault weapons ban, limited ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, and included other measures. While these proposals did not succeed at the national level, a number of individual states began to tighten their laws accordingly. 2017: Proposed Gun Control Law Stall The Background Check Completion Act was introduced on Oct. 5, 2017, less than a week after the deadly Oct. 1 mass shooting in Las Vegas. The Background Check Completion Act would close a current loophole in the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act that allows gun sales to proceed if a background check is not completed after 72 hours, even if the gun buyer is not legally allowed to purchase a gun. The bill has stalled in Congress. 2018: Parkland School Shooting Sparks a National Student Movement and State Legislation On Feb. 14, a school shooting at Marjorie Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, killed 17 people and injured 17 others. This was the deadliest high school shooting in U.S. history. Student survivors created the activist group Never Again MSD and organized momentous nationwide protests and walkouts by students. As of July 2018, just five months after the Florida shooting, the Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence counts 55 new gun-control laws passing in 26 states.  Notably, this has included laws passed in Republican-held state legislatures.

Speculative markets, finance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Speculative markets, finance - Coursework Example Additionally,the speculator has not to worry of any loss since the American Puts have the opportunities to exercise immediately, therefore will gain access the different values of mispricing at any given time even at its expiration (Shockley 12-45). A synthetic Long call will be created when the long stock position is to be combined with long put of the same series. Therefore, to get the long synthetic stock position for the we assume that; Maximum profit = unlimited The total position of the two individuals will be profitable if the stock is less or greater than $45 or. Such a scenario is known as strangle since the individuals hold two profitable positions to make profits under the bear and bull respectively. The value of a call option is adversely affected with the underlying stock price (in the case $ 390) is expected to drop by a rate equivalent to the value of the dividend on the ex-dividend date. However, as the above case is a call option the owner of the stock receives the cash dividends as of the ex-dividend date, hence the call option can be discounted by a figure as high as the dividend. Therefore, the Amazon call option priced $ 390 and N (d1 ) denotes the probability or the expected value of receiving the Amazon call option at the expiration of option. Therefore, when S rise to $1000 the N (d1 ) will reduce accordingly indicating that as S grows the chances of exercising the option at the expiry date becomes small due to the increment of market volatility for that stock given as 25%. Under this case the probability if decrement of the amazon may be reflected as the 390/1000= 0.39. With the stock value dropping to $50, the present value of the contingent adjusted to the risk becomes less than the exercise price of the option during the expiration date, therefore, making the call value to be zero at its expiration date holding that the probabilities are normally distributed. Ashley can create a bear spread via simultaneous